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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Coral evolutionary responses to microbial symbioses.

Madeleine J H van Oppen1,2, Mónica Medina3

  • 1School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia.

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|August 11, 2020
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Summary

Microbial symbiosis, particularly with Symbiodiniaceae algae, has shaped coral evolution by enhancing metabolism and enabling survival in nutrient-poor waters. This crucial relationship is threatened by climate warming, leading to coral bleaching and reef decline.

Keywords:
ScleractiniaSymbiodiniaceaeholobiontmicrobiomesymbiosis

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Microbial Ecology

Background:

  • Coral holobionts consist of diverse microbes, including Symbiodiniaceae algae, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses.
  • Symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae algae is central to coral survival, providing nutrition and extending metabolic capabilities.
  • The evolution of coral-host adaptations for symbiont recognition, maintenance, and removal is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the influence of microbial symbioses on the evolution of reef-building corals.
  • To highlight the role of Symbiodiniaceae in coral adaptation and ecological success.
  • To examine genomic signatures of symbiosis in corals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on Symbiodiniaceae-coral interactions.
  • Analysis of genomic data for signatures of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and gene family expansions.
  • Examination of coral host adaptations related to symbiont management.

Main Results:

  • Symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae has enhanced coral metabolic capacity via metabolic handoffs and HGT.
  • Coral genomes show signatures of HGT, gene family expansions, and robust innate immunity and oxidative stress response genes.
  • Symbiosis enables corals to thrive in oligotrophic environments by providing essential nutrition.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial symbioses, especially with Symbiodiniaceae, are fundamental drivers of coral evolution and ecological success.
  • Coral-host adaptations are key to managing symbiotic relationships.
  • Climate warming poses a significant threat to the coral-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis, leading to bleaching and reef degradation.