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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the role of thinking in a child's learning process, suggesting that children are naturally curious about their environment. His approach to development is discontinuous, proposing that cognitive abilities progress through distinct stages, each with unique characteristics. Central to Piaget's theory is schemata—mental structures that allow individuals to understand and interpret the world.
Schemata: Building Blocks of Knowledge
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Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span.

Martin Lövdén1,2, Laura Fratiglioni1,3, M Maria Glymour4

  • 1Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.

Psychological Science in the Public Interest : a Journal of the American Psychological Society
|August 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Formal education boosts cognitive function throughout adulthood but does not slow cognitive decline in older age. Early life development is key to improving cognitive ability and reducing dementia risk.

Keywords:
cognitive abilitycognitive agingdementiaeducational attainmentlife-span development

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cognitive abilities predict life outcomes, and declines in older adults impact daily functioning.
  • Individual differences in cognitive decline rates necessitate identifying protective factors for late-life cognition.
  • Formal education is linked to better cognitive function and lower dementia risk in later life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if prolonged education enhances cognitive ability and attenuates age-associated cognitive decline.
  • To review existing literature on educational attainment and cognitive aging.
  • To understand the relationship between education and cognitive function across the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of educational attainment and cognitive aging.
  • Analysis of harmonized data from multiple longitudinal cohort studies.
  • Inclusion of relevant meta-analyses.

Main Results:

  • Educational attainment positively impacts cognitive function across adulthood.
  • Cognitive abilities influence educational attainment, with common factors like socioeconomic resources playing a role.
  • Education does not significantly affect aging-associated cognitive decline rates; dementia risk is explained by a threshold model.

Conclusions:

  • Educational attainment enhances late-life cognition by establishing early-adulthood cognitive skills that persist.
  • The lack of educational influence on cognitive decline rates challenges concepts like cognitive reserve.
  • Improving early-life development offers potential for enhanced cognitive ability and reduced dementia burden.