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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An overview.

Cecilia Acuti Martellucci1, Maria Elena Flacco2, Rosaria Cappadona2

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused over 350,000 deaths by May 2020, with early uncertainties regarding transmission, origin, and containment. This review summarizes current knowledge and evaluates the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic emerged in late 2019.
  • By May 2020, the pandemic resulted in over 350,000 global deaths.
  • Significant uncertainties existed regarding virus transmission, origin, environmental persistence, diagnostics, therapeutics, high-risk groups, lethality, and containment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated summary of current knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
  • To discuss evidence on the effectiveness of implemented mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and reports.
  • Synthesis of available evidence on SARS-CoV-2.
  • Analysis of data related to pandemic characteristics and control measures.

Main Results:

  • Early pandemic phases were marked by widespread uncertainty across multiple domains.
  • Evidence on the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies is continuously evolving.
  • Understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, diagnostics, and treatment has advanced.

Conclusions:

  • Effective pandemic management requires addressing scientific uncertainties and adapting strategies.
  • Continued research and data analysis are crucial for informed public health responses to SARS-CoV-2.
  • Mitigation strategies play a vital role in controlling the spread and impact of the pandemic.