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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

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Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
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Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

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Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer
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Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer

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Local Acetaldehyde: Its Key Role in Alcohol-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Mikko Salaspuro1

  • 1Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Visceral Medicine
|August 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Acetaldehyde (ACH), a metabolite of alcohol, is a local carcinogen in the oropharynx. Genetic variations, like ALDH2 mutations, increase ACH exposure and oropharyngeal cancer risk, highlighting the importance of local ACH assessment.

Keywords:
ALDH2AcetaldehydeAlcoholCancerOropharynx

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Toxicology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alcohol and ethanol are classified as group 1 carcinogens.
  • Ethanol itself is not genotoxic or mutagenic.
  • Acetaldehyde (ACH), the first ethanol metabolite, acts as a local oropharyngeal carcinogen.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the oropharynx and local ACH in alcohol-related oropharyngeal cancer pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the importance of acetaldehyde (ACH) in the oropharynx.
  • To discuss the impact of ALDH2 gene mutations on ACH exposure and cancer risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of gene-epidemiologic and gene-biochemical evidence.
  • Analysis of salivary acetaldehyde concentrations in relation to alcohol consumption.
  • Examination of the ALDH2 gene mutation as a human cancer model.

Main Results:

  • ALDH2 gene mutation provides strong evidence for ACH carcinogenicity in humans via saliva.
  • Alcohol ingestion causes rapid, concentration-dependent ACH accumulation in saliva.
  • Oral microbes contribute to local ACH formation from ethanol.

Conclusions:

  • The ALDH2 gene mutation confirms a causal link between salivary ACH exposure and oropharyngeal cancer.
  • Oropharyngeal cancer risk assessment can be quantitatively evaluated using local ACH exposure.
  • Minimizing exposure to ethanol and high-ACH beverages, alongside mandatory labeling, is recommended.