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Passive, yet not inactive: robotic exoskeleton walking increases cortical activation dependent on task.

Sue Peters1,2, Shannon B Lim2,3, Dennis R Louie2,3

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
|August 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) revealed distinct brain activation patterns during robotic exoskeleton-assisted walking. Passive gait, where the user is moved by the device, showed increased frontal and parietal cortex activity compared to active gait.

Keywords:
DeoxyhemoglobinFunctional near-infrared spectroscopyGaitOxyhemoglobinParietal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Overground gait in robotic exoskeletons offers controlled sensorimotor stimulation.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has limitations in capturing real-world gait activation.
  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides greater ecological validity for gait studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate brain activation between 'Active' and 'Passive' overground gait using a robotic exoskeleton.
  • To investigate neural mechanisms underlying different gait conditions.
  • To utilize fNIRS for enhanced ecological validity in gait research.

Main Methods:

  • Fourteen healthy adults participated in robotic exoskeleton walking trials.
  • fNIRS recorded brain activity over frontal and parietal lobes.
  • Electromyography (EMG) monitored thigh muscle activity to confirm gait conditions.

Main Results:

  • Passive gait showed increased oxyhemoglobin in the right frontal cortex compared to Active gait.
  • Passive gait exhibited increased deoxyhemoglobin in the left frontal and bilateral parietal cortices.
  • Active gait demonstrated higher EMG amplitude, confirming participant engagement.

Conclusions:

  • The parietal cortex is notably active during passive robotic exoskeleton gait, a new finding.
  • Parietal cortex activation may relate to limb coordination and postural control planning.
  • fNIRS can assess exoskeletal gait training's impact on brain activation for neurorehabilitation.