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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close&#45;Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
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Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing

Published on: December 1, 2023

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Rapid evolution of the primate larynx?

Daniel L Bowling1,2, Jacob C Dunn2,3,4, Jeroen B Smaers5,6

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.

Plos Biology
|August 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The primate larynx evolved faster than the carnivoran larynx, showing larger sizes and greater deviations from body size allometry. This suggests unique evolutionary flexibility in primate vocal organ development.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Bioacoustics

Background:

  • Mammalian vocal communication relies on larynx vibrations.
  • Larynx morphology is a critical area for evolutionary selection, especially in species with complex vocalizations.
  • Understanding larynx evolution provides insights into communication diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate evolutionary rates and patterns of larynx morphology in primates and carnivorans.
  • To compare larynx size and allometry across diverse mammalian species.
  • To identify factors driving differences in vocal organ evolution between these orders.

Main Methods:

  • Creation of a novel database of digitally modeled larynges from 55 mammalian species.
  • Application of phylogenetic comparative methods to analyze evolutionary trends.
  • Examination of larynx size and its allometric relationship with body size.

Main Results:

  • The primate larynx exhibits significantly faster evolution compared to the carnivoran larynx.
  • Primate larynges are, on average, larger and show greater deviation from expected body size allometry.
  • Significant differences in selective pressures on larynx size between primates and carnivorans were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Primate larynx evolution demonstrates greater flexibility than in carnivorans.
  • These findings may explain the complex and diverse vocal communication systems observed in primates.
  • The study highlights the role of evolutionary rates in shaping the vocal apparatus for communication.