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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors
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Measuring the perception of aggression in driving behavior.

Thomas Kerwin1, Brad J Bushman2

  • 1Driving Simulation Laboratory, The Ohio State University, United States.

Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|August 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Aggressive driving perceptions vary; close following is seen as aggressive, especially from a third-person view. Extreme actions like collisions are rated highest, while speed has minimal impact on perceived aggressiveness.

Keywords:
AggressionDriver behaviorDrivingPerceptionSurvey

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Area of Science:

  • Traffic Safety
  • Driver Behavior Psychology
  • Road Rage Studies

Background:

  • Aggressive driving contributes to fatal crashes, necessitating a deeper understanding of public perception.
  • Existing measures of aggressive driving behavior lack a comprehensive examination of public perception.
  • Investigating how different perspectives influence the perception of aggressive driving is crucial for safety initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine public perception of various aggressive driving behaviors.
  • To determine how viewing perspective (first-, second-, third-person) affects the rating of driving aggressiveness.
  • To identify specific driving actions perceived as most aggressive by the general public.

Main Methods:

  • A nationally representative sample of 198 American adults rated the aggressiveness of driving behaviors depicted in videos.
  • Videos presented driving scenarios from first-, second-, and third-person perspectives, including close following, illegal passing, and near collisions.
  • Control variables included trait anger, driving attitudes, and driving experience to analyze their influence on judgments.

Main Results:

  • Close following was perceived as aggressive, particularly when viewed from a third-person perspective.
  • Illegal passing was rated as more aggressive than speeding, with speed alone having minimal impact on ratings.
  • Actions involving collisions or near-collisions with vehicles, cyclists, or pedestrians received the highest aggressiveness ratings, aligning with 'road rage' definitions.
  • Individuals with high trait anger exhibited a bias towards perceiving driving behaviors as intentionally aggressive.

Conclusions:

  • Public perception of aggressive driving is influenced by the specific behavior and the viewing perspective.
  • Extreme actions and behaviors perceived as intentional threats (e.g., 'road rage') are rated as highly aggressive.
  • Individual psychological factors, such as trait anger, can significantly bias perceptions of aggressive driving.