Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

9.1K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
9.1K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

8.3K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
8.3K
Vision01:24

Vision

59.0K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
59.0K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

1.5K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
1.5K
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.2K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.2K
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

1.6K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of HEV-Filtering in a Soft Contact Lens on Contrast Sensitivity With and Without Veiling Glare.

Eye & contact lens·2026
Same author

Wavelength dependence of fine spatial resolution in human vision.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2026
Same author

The evidentiary basis and challenges associated with studying the role of light damage on ocular health.

Journal of optometry·2026
Same author

Seeing through the veil: blue-light filtering and peak contrast sensitivity in pseudophakic patients.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie·2026
Same author

Visual performance measured under simulated atmospheric blue haze conditions is improved through the addition of a HEV-filtering additive to soft contact lenses.

Vision research·2026
Same author

Blue-Light Filtering Increases the Brightness of Natural Images in Pseudophakic Adults.

Journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Understanding the Ocular Accumulation of Mefuparib and its N-dealkylation metabolite: Pharmacokinetics, Melanin Affinity, and Cellular Disposition.

Experimental eye research·2026
Same journal

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Diabetic Retinopathy: Research Progress from Pathogenic Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets.

Experimental eye research·2026
Same journal

Middle-Wavelength Green Ambient Light Attenuates Lens-Induced Myopia Progression and Is Associated with Suppression of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Guinea Pigs.

Experimental eye research·2026
Same journal

Experimental Corneal Alkali Burn Models: Methodological Standards, Biological Outcomes, and Translational Gaps.

Experimental eye research·2026
Same journal

Subretinal injection in the USH1CR31* pig model leads to chorioretinal atrophy that limits evaluation of efficacy of an AAV-mediated gene therapy.

Experimental eye research·2026
Same journal

Caffeine suppresses inflammation and subretinal fibrosis through modulation of the thrombospondin-1-Bim axis.

Experimental eye research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

14.4K

Individual differences in visual function.

Billy R Hammond1, John Buch2

  • 1Vision Sciences Laboratory, Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, United States.

Experimental Eye Research
|August 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual variation in the visual system is crucial for understanding differences in function and disease susceptibility. Personalized approaches are key for improved measurement, prevention, and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Dark adaptationLens optical densityMacular pigment densityPhotostress recoveryVisual range

More Related Videos

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

768
A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
09:29

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Published on: February 11, 2014

13.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

14.4K
Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

768
A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
09:29

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Published on: February 11, 2014

13.4K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Most visual system research targets general population principles.
  • Individual variability in visual system function and disease susceptibility is significant.
  • Current research often overlooks the importance of individual characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the necessity of studying individual differences in the visual system.
  • To emphasize the role of personal variation in visual system function and disease.
  • To advocate for personalized approaches in visual science research and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review and conceptual analysis.
  • It synthesizes existing knowledge on visual system variability.
  • It discusses implications for measurement, disease prevention, and treatment.

Main Results:

  • The visual system exhibits substantial inter-individual variation.
  • This variability impacts both function and susceptibility to visual disorders.
  • General principles may not fully capture individual visual system characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding individual visual system variation is essential for advancing eye care.
  • Personalized medicine approaches are critical for effective visual health management.
  • Further research should focus on characterizing and addressing individual differences in the visual system.