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Insect defoliation is linked to a decrease in soil ectomycorrhizal biomass and shifts in needle endophytic

Carles Castaño1, J Julio Camarero2, Rafael Zas3

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Climate change-driven insect outbreaks harm forests. Defoliation by pine processionary moths altered tree fungal symbionts, impacting forest health and recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Forest ecology
  • Climate change impacts
  • Plant-microbe interactions

Background:

  • Insect outbreaks are increasing due to climate change.
  • Insect herbivory causes physiological changes in trees.
  • The impact on tree microbial symbionts is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effects of pine processionary moth defoliation on Pinus nigra.
  • Analyze changes in tree physiology and fungal communities (needle endophytes and soil fungi).
  • Determine the cascading effects of defoliation on tree microbial symbionts.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-level sampling of defoliated and non-defoliated Pinus nigra trees.
  • Measurement of tree growth, nutritional status, and carbon allocation.
  • Analysis of needle endophytic and soil fungal communities.

Main Results:

  • Defoliated trees showed increased chemical defenses but no change in carbohydrate reserves.
  • Defoliation led to shifts in fungal community composition.
  • Lower ectomycorrhizal fungi biomass and higher soil saprotroph/pathogen diversity were observed in defoliated trees.

Conclusions:

  • Defoliation impacts tree fungal symbionts, potentially hindering recovery.
  • Shifts in fungal communities may affect tree-mycorrhizal feedbacks and nutrient cycling.
  • Further research on endophytic fungi's role in pine resistance is warranted.