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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Nickel Catalyzed Olefin Oligomerization and Dimerization.

H Olivier-Bourbigou1, P A R Breuil1, L Magna1

  • 1IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France.

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Nickel-catalyzed olefin oligomerization is a dynamic field producing valuable petrochemicals. This review covers homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, mechanisms, and challenges for innovation.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Petrochemical Engineering

Background:

  • Nickel-catalyzed olefin oligomerization has been utilized for over 50 years in producing high-value petrochemical intermediates.
  • Nickel's unique reactivity allows controlled oligomerization of ethylene, propylene, and butenes into diverse, sought-after products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel catalysts for olefin oligomerization.
  • To bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous approaches, fostering catalyst development and innovation.
  • To highlight fundamental questions, industrial challenges, and emerging concepts in the last decade.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on fundamental and industrial milestones in nickel-catalyzed olefin oligomerization.
  • Analysis of reaction mechanisms to understand selectivity and efficiency.
  • Compilation of recent advancements (last 10 years) in homogeneous, heterogeneous, and novel catalytic systems.

Main Results:

  • Nickel catalysts offer versatile control over olefin oligomerization, yielding a broad spectrum of valuable products.
  • Both homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel systems have demonstrated significant industrial applicability.
  • A deeper understanding of reaction mechanisms is crucial for rational catalyst design and improved selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Continued research into nickel-catalyzed olefin oligomerization is vital for addressing fundamental questions and industrial challenges.
  • Interlinking homogeneous and heterogeneous approaches can spur innovation in catalyst design.
  • Focusing on reaction mechanisms will enable fine-tuning of selectivity and efficiency for novel catalytic systems.