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Related Concept Videos

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Lysosomes01:31

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion
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Artificial Organelles Based on Cross-Linked Zwitterionic Vesicles.

Yun Chen1, Jiangbing Tan1, Qian Zhang1

  • 1National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.

Nano Letters
|August 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel artificial organelles (cross-linked zwitterionic vesicles) that mimic peroxisomes. These artificial peroxisomes demonstrate efficient cellular uptake and therapeutic effects in treating inflammation.

Keywords:
Artificial organelleMicrocompartmentNanozymePeroxisomeZwitterion

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Artificial organelles (AOs) are engineered microcompartments designed to replicate intracellular functions.
  • Current AOs often utilize liposomes or polymersomes, facing limitations in stability and functionality.
  • There is a need for advanced AO platforms with enhanced biocompatibility and therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a new class of artificial organelles using monolayer cross-linked zwitterionic vesicles (cZVs).
  • To demonstrate the capacity of cZVs for *in situ* synthesis of artificial enzymes and overcoming biological barriers.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these novel artificial peroxisomes (APs) in an *in vivo* inflammation model.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of monolayer cross-linked zwitterionic vesicles (cZVs) with a carboxylic acid-rich cavity.
  • Synthesis of cerium dioxide (CeO2) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticle nanozymes within cZVs to create artificial peroxisomes (APs).
  • In vitro assessment of APs for protein adsorption resistance, endocytosis efficiency, and lysosomal escape.
  • In vivo evaluation of APs in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced ear inflammation model.

Main Results:

  • cZVs exhibit intrinsic permeability and pH-dependent charge-change properties, facilitating biological barrier penetration.
  • Synthesized APs effectively mimicked natural peroxisomes, resisting protein adsorption and undergoing efficient endocytosis.
  • APs demonstrated successful lysosomal escape, a critical step for intracellular therapeutic delivery.
  • In vivo studies showed significant therapeutic benefits of APs in resolving ROS-induced ear inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Monolayer cross-linked zwitterionic vesicles represent a promising new platform for constructing advanced artificial organelles.
  • The developed artificial peroxisomes exhibit excellent biocompatibility and functional mimicry of native organelles.
  • These artificial peroxisomes hold potential for effective *in vivo* therapeutic applications, particularly in managing inflammatory conditions.