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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a model for interacting systems in nonequilibrium environments, revealing complex cycle time variations and dynamical phase transitions. These findings offer insights into microscopic mechanisms for nonequilibrium processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
  • Complex systems

Background:

  • Measurements of nonequilibrium process durations offer insights into microscopic energetics.
  • Current theories are limited to single-particle systems, leaving interacting systems understudied.
  • Understanding interacting systems in nonequilibrium environments is crucial for advancing fundamental physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and analyze a basic model for cycle processes interacting with particle-flow environments.
  • To explore the rich variations in cycle times under different environmental conditions.
  • To connect observed phenomena to specific microscopic mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model for interacting cycle processes.
  • Analysis of cycle time variations (forward and backward) with environmental parameters.
  • Investigation of dynamical phase transitions and multimodal cycle time distributions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated unequal forward (τ+) and backward (τ-) cycle times, with both τ- < τ+ and τ- > τ+ observed.
  • Observed speeding up of backward cycles due to interactions.
  • Identified dynamical phase transitions leading to multimodal cycle time dependencies on bias.

Conclusions:

  • The model reveals a rich variety of cycle time behaviors in interacting nonequilibrium systems.
  • Specific microscopic mechanisms driving these behaviors can be identified.
  • Findings provide a framework for interpreting experimental data in nonequilibrium thermodynamics.