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Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

Theory of Romantic Attachment in Adulthood

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Attachment is a long-standing connection or bond with others. While Attachment Theory was conceived in developmental psychology to describe infant-caregiver bonding, it's been extended into adulthood to include romantic relationships.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

A computational network perspective on pediatric anxiety symptoms.

Rany Abend¹, Mira A Bajaj¹, Daniel D L Coppersmith²

¹Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Psychological Medicine

|August 14, 2020

Summary

Pediatric anxiety involves interconnected symptom domains, not just separate diagnoses. Understanding this network structure can improve how we view and treat anxiety in children and adolescents.

Keywords:

Adolescent anxiety child comorbidity development network pediatric symptoms

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Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Developmental Psychology
Network Science

Background:

Current diagnostic systems segregate anxiety symptoms, yet youth often present with multiple diagnoses, complicating treatment.
Anxiety comorbidity may stem from complex interactions between symptom domains, which are underemphasized in existing taxonomies.
Network analysis offers a framework to model these interactions, viewing pediatric anxiety as interconnected symptom domains.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the network structure of pediatric anxiety symptoms using network analytic approaches.
To investigate how age and sex moderate the network structure of pediatric anxiety.
To inform clinical practice and research by characterizing the interconnectedness of anxiety symptoms in youth.

Main Methods:

Network analysis was applied to data from 4964 youths (ages 5-17) across seven international sites.
Participants completed symptom inventories assessing severity across distinct pediatric anxiety diagnostic categories.
Longitudinal data (3-year assessments) and sex were analyzed to examine moderation effects on network structure.

Main Results:

The pediatric anxiety network demonstrated a highly interconnected structure, with all domains positively correlated.
While severity differed, anxiety patients and healthy youth exhibited comparable network structures.
Sex differences and developmental changes in network structure were observed, with generalized-anxiety and panic symptoms being central.

Conclusions:

Pediatric anxiety is characterized by multiple, interconnected symptom domains rather than isolated diagnoses.
Quantifying these cross-domain associations and moderation effects provides a novel perspective on pediatric anxiety.
This network-based understanding can potentially reshape the diagnosis, treatment, and research of anxiety in youth.