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A dynamically cold disk galaxy in the early Universe.

F Rizzo1, S Vegetti2, D Powell2

  • 1Max-Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany. frizzo@mpa-garching.mpg.de.

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|August 14, 2020
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Summary

Early galaxies were expected to be chaotic. However, we found a dynamically cold, rotating disk galaxy at redshift z=4.2, challenging previous models of galaxy evolution in the young Universe.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmic Evolution
  • Galaxy Formation and Dynamics

Background:

  • Early Universe conditions (extreme astrophysical processes, mergers, supernovae) were predicted to form dynamically hot, chaotic, and unstable young galaxies.
  • Current models suggest significant differences between early and local Universe galaxies due to these extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamical properties of galaxies in the early Universe.
  • To determine if young galaxies could exhibit ordered rotation and be dynamically cold, similar to local galaxies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized interferometric imaging with high spatial resolution (approx. 60 parsecs) to study galaxy SPT-S J041839-4751.9.
  • Analyzed the ratio of rotational to random motions and derived the galaxy's rotation curve.
  • Leveraged gravitational lensing to observe the distant galaxy.

Main Results:

  • Discovered a dynamically cold, highly star-forming, rotating disk in a galaxy at redshift z=4.2 (Universe age ~1.4 billion years).
  • Measured a ratio of rotational to random motions (9.7 ± 0.4), significantly higher than predicted by models for this epoch.
  • Derived a rotation curve shape consistent with nearby massive spiral galaxies.

Conclusions:

  • At least some galaxies in the early Universe were dynamically cold and ordered, resembling local spiral galaxies.
  • The findings challenge the notion that all young galaxies were strongly affected by extreme early Universe processes.
  • Suggests that galaxy evolution pathways can lead to dynamically cold disks even in the nascent Universe.