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Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place,...
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
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Unexpected Properties of Degassed Solutions.

Barry W Ninham1, Pierandrea Lo Nostro2

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Dissolved gases in liquids, previously ignored, significantly impact properties like electrical conductivity and phase separation. These effects challenge classical theories and suggest gas self-organization mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Liquid State Physics
  • Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • Classical theories of liquids and simulations often neglect dissolved atmospheric gases, assuming low solubilities limit their physical impact.
  • However, phenomena like cavitation and emulsion stability suggest otherwise, indicating unexplained effects of dissolved gases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unexpected physical effects of dissolved atmospheric gases in liquids that are not explained by classical theories.
  • To explore the influence of dissolved gases on electrical conductivity and liquid-liquid phase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Measured electrical conductivities of various salt solutions in water at different concentrations before and after degassing.
  • Observed the liquid-liquid phase separation behavior of binary mixtures (water with n-hexane or perfluorooctane) after degassing.

Main Results:

  • Degassing liquids significantly altered electrical conductivities of salt solutions.
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation in binary mixtures was notably retarded upon degassing.

Conclusions:

  • Dissolved atmospheric gases exert significant, previously overlooked physical effects on liquid properties.
  • These findings suggest that self-organization of dissolved gases, such as nanobubbles and molecular cooperativity, may explain these phenomena.
  • The observed effects are dependent on the type of salt and the liquid medium.