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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Moving Immune Therapy Forward Targeting TME.

Kayla F Goliwas1, Jessy S Deshane1, Craig A Elmets1

  • 1Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.

Physiological Reviews
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PubMed
Summary

Harnessing the host immune system against cancer, particularly metastatic and drug-resistant types, shows promise. Understanding the tumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Cancer Biology
  • Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Dynamics
  • Metabolic Plasticity in Cancer

Background:

  • The host immune system critically influences cancer progression.
  • Targeting immune responses offers a therapeutic strategy for advanced cancers.
  • Tumor microenvironment (TME) complexity impacts treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the immune landscape within the TME.
  • To highlight metabolic and hypoxic factors affecting immune function.
  • To identify strategies for enhancing patient response to immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on tumor-immune interactions.
  • Analysis of metabolic and hypoxic signatures in the TME.
  • Exploration of factors influencing immune cell function and response.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic and hypoxic signatures significantly impact immune function.
  • Targeting tumor metabolism and acidity can modulate immune responses.
  • Understanding TME heterogeneity is key to improving immunotherapy outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating the tumor microenvironment is crucial for effective cancer immunotherapy.
  • Personalized therapies integrating metabolic and microbiome data show future potential.
  • Developing novel tools and clinical trial designs is essential for advancing cancer treatment.