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Related Concept Videos

Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Functional cognitive disorder: dementia's blind spot.

Harriet A Ball1, Laura McWhirter2, Clive Ballard3

  • 1Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK.

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|August 14, 2020
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Summary

Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) is a common cause of cognitive difficulties, often misdiagnosed as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Recognizing FCD aids in identifying non-neurodegenerative conditions and enables personalized interventions.

Keywords:
cognitiondementiafunctional cognitive disorderfunctional neurological disordermild cognitive impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • A growing number of cognitive difficulties stem from functional causes, primarily indicated by internal inconsistency.
  • Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) is a cognitive variant of functional neurological disorder, characterized by impairing or distressing symptoms not better explained by other conditions.
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is frequently used but is an etiology-neutral term, encompassing various underlying causes, including FCD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define functional cognitive disorder (FCD) and its relationship with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  • To highlight clinical features for positive FCD diagnosis and red flags for alternative conditions.
  • To improve the recognition and management of non-neurodegenerative cognitive disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical observations.
  • Development of a preliminary definition for FCD.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and biomarkers for cognitive disorders.

Main Results:

  • FCD is likely underdiagnosed and represents a significant proportion of MCI cases not progressing to dementia.
  • Positive diagnostic identifiers for FCD can distinguish it from neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Viewing MCI as a descriptive term with a broad differential diagnosis, including FCD, is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • FCD is a distinct clinical entity that requires recognition for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
  • Distinguishing FCD from neurodegenerative causes is essential for effective patient management.
  • Further research and clinical practice should incorporate FCD to improve patient outcomes.