Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric patients. II. Management

Adult respiratory distress syndrome, a clinical syndrome of respiratory failure that follows many kinds of insults, often in patients with no previous pulmonary disease, occurs in pediatric patients. This group of disorders has a typical clinical, pathologic, and pathophysiologic course, the hallmark of which is injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane with increased permeability of the pulmonary vasculature and pulmonary edema. Resolution may occur at any stage, but most patients die and many develop chronic lung disease requiring respiratory support for weeks or months. Multiple organ system failure, secondary infection, and irreversible respiratory dysfunction are responsible for the poor outcome. The underlying mechanisms that relate injury to the development of pulmonary disease are unclear. In some cases there may be direct injury to the lung, but in others, such as septic shock, there are mediators that link the initial insult to the subsequent lung injury. The leukocyte may have a central role in this process, although this is uncertain. Therapeutic measures needed to support the patient, especially increased inspired oxygen, are additional factors in the progression of lung disease. Current therapy, as summarized in Table II, is primarily supportive. Efforts to treat ARDS after it is clinically apparent have been disappointing. The pathogenic mechanisms that lead to ARDS are probably well advanced by the time the syndrome is diagnosed on the basis of the usual clinical signs. Therefore an emphasis on understanding the mechanisms of lung injury so that specific markers can be used to predict which patients will develop ARDS, allowing intervention in the early stages of the process, may prove rewarding.