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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Published on: January 17, 2011

Anesthesia for Innovative Pediatric Surgical Procedures.

Johanna Meehyun Lee¹, Erica Gee¹, Chang Amber Liu¹

¹Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, GRB 444, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Anesthesiology Clinics

|August 15, 2020

Summary

Advances in pediatric surgery, including new devices and minimally invasive techniques, have proven safe and effective over decades. This review covers anesthetic considerations for these modern pediatric surgical procedures.

Keywords:

Craniosynostosis Endoscopic cranial suture release Minimally invasive tethered cord release Nuss procedure Pectus excavatum Tethered cord syndrome Thoracic insufficiency syndrome Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR)

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Last Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

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Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Surgery
Anesthesiology
Surgical Innovation

Background:

Pediatric surgery has seen significant advancements over recent decades.
New surgical devices and minimally invasive techniques are increasingly adopted.

Purpose of the Study:

To review anesthetic considerations for modern pediatric surgical procedures.
To highlight the safety and efficacy of advanced pediatric surgical techniques.

Main Methods:

Review of anesthetic management for VEPTR, MAGEC rods, Nuss procedure, endoscopic cranial suture release, and minimally invasive tethered cord release.
Analysis of historical data and current practices in pediatric anesthesia for innovative surgeries.

Main Results:

Despite initial skepticism, advanced pediatric surgical procedures are now established as safe and effective.
Anesthetic management strategies have evolved to support these complex interventions.

Conclusions:

Modern pediatric surgical techniques, supported by appropriate anesthesia, offer safe and effective treatment options.
Continued experience confirms the viability of innovative approaches in pediatric surgery.