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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Pediatric Anesthesia Outside the Operating Room: Safety and Systems.

Mary Landrigan-Ossar1, Christopher Tan Setiawan2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Anesthesiology Clinics
|August 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric anesthesia outside the operating room is increasing. Anesthesiologists must understand unique risks in diverse locations like radiology and endoscopy suites for safe, high-quality care.

Keywords:
Cardiac catheterizationInterventional radiologyMagnetoencephalogramNonoperating room anesthesiaOffsite anesthesiaRadiation therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Non-Operating Room Anesthesia (NORA)

Background:

  • Anesthesia care outside the operating room (OR) is expanding in pediatric practice.
  • Children require anesthesia in various locations, including radiology, endoscopy, and cardiac catheterization labs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review safety and system considerations for pediatric anesthesia provided outside the OR.
  • To detail specific considerations for various remote anesthetizing locations.

Main Methods:

  • This is a 2-part review.
  • It provides an overview of safety and system considerations.
  • It details considerations for particular remote anesthetizing locations.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesiologists must grasp unique environmental, logistical, and perioperative risks in remote settings.
  • Safe and high-quality care necessitates understanding these specific challenges.
  • The review covers diverse locations such as radiology, gastroenterology, pulmonary endoscopy, radiation oncology, and cardiac catheterization labs.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric non-operating room anesthesia requires specialized knowledge of remote site challenges.
  • Understanding and mitigating unique risks are crucial for patient safety and quality care in these environments.