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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents01:13

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Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
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Nonlinear self-focusing in strongly magnetized pair plasma.

Maxim Lyutikov1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.

Physical Review. E
|August 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Intense radiation fields cause density depletions in unmagnetized pair plasmas. In pulsar magnetospheres, strong magnetic fields suppress nonlinear self-focusing effects crucial for understanding fast radio bursts (FRBs).

Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Astrophysical plasmas
  • Nonlinear wave propagation

Background:

  • Intense radiation fields can alter plasma properties, leading to nonlinear effects like self-focusing.
  • Pair plasmas are found in astrophysical environments such as pulsar magnetospheres and are relevant to fast radio bursts (FRBs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nonlinear propagation effects of circularly polarized waves in pair plasmas.
  • To analyze these effects in both unmagnetized and strongly magnetized plasma conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical estimation of ponderomotive force effects in pair plasmas.
  • Analysis of wave propagation in unmagnetized and magnetized plasma scenarios.

Main Results:

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Related Experiment Videos

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  • In unmagnetized pair plasmas, ponderomotive forces cause density depletions, not charge separation.
  • In magnetized plasmas (ωB ≫ ωp, ω), nonlinearity from effective mass changes is negligible.
  • The ponderomotive force is significantly reduced in magnetized plasmas, and leads to circular currents that decrease the magnetic field within a radiation beam.
  • For FRB parameters, dominant magnetic fields completely suppress nonlinear self-focusing and filamentation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Strong magnetic fields in astrophysical plasmas, like those in pulsar magnetospheres, prevent nonlinear self-focusing of intense radiation.
    • These findings have implications for understanding the physics of fast radio bursts (FRBs).