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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete01:16

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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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Upon subjecting concrete to moderate or high uniaxial compressive or tensile stresses, the strain response is non-linear relative to the stress applied. As the stress is removed, the resulting stress-strain curve deviates from the original path traced during loading, creating a hysteresis loop, indicative of the concrete's non-linear and non-elastic properties. Typically, a material's modulus of elasticity, which is a measure of the material's stiffness, is inferred from the linear...
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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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Elastic modulus evolution of rocks under heating-cooling cycles.

Weidong Liu1, Liangchi Zhang2, Ning Luo1,3

  • 1Laboratory for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.

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Rock decay during heating-cooling cycles causes hazards like landslides. This study reveals internal cracking, driven by mineral deformation and quartz phase transitions, is the main cause of rock property changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Rock decay from thermal cycles poses risks like landslides and structural collapse.
  • Understanding rock deterioration mechanisms is crucial for hazard mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical property changes in sandstones subjected to heating-cooling cycles.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of rock decay during thermal cycling.

Main Methods:

  • A simple and reliable method was developed to monitor sandstone mechanical properties.
  • Experiments involved controlled heating-cooling cycles to simulate environmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Rock decay was observed during both heating and cooling phases.
  • Significant changes in elastic modulus occurred near the alpha-beta phase transition temperature of quartz.
  • Internal cracking, caused by heterogeneous thermal deformation and quartz phase transition, was identified as the primary decay mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The study clarifies the mechanisms behind rock decay induced by thermal cycling.
  • Internal cracking due to mineral thermal expansion mismatch and quartz phase transition is the key factor.
  • Findings are vital for assessing risks associated with rock structures in environments with temperature fluctuations.