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    This study demonstrates advanced multi-level modulation using polarization-independent surface-normal electro-absorption modulators (SNEAMs). These SNEAMs achieved high-speed data transmission rates, paving the way for next-generation optical communication systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Communications
    • Semiconductor Devices

    Background:

    • Surface-normal electro-absorption modulators (SNEAMs) are crucial for optical interconnects.
    • Achieving high-speed, multi-level modulation is essential for increasing data transmission capacity.
    • Polarization-independent operation simplifies system design and enhances robustness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and demonstrate multi-level modulation capabilities in polarization-independent SNEAMs.
    • To achieve record-breaking data rates for SNEAM technology.
    • To assess the performance of SNEAMs in direct-detection fiber transmission systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication and packaging of SNEAM devices with varying active area diameters (15 µm and 30 µm).
    • Characterization of electro-optic bandwidth, achieving over 65 GHz for unpackaged devices.
    • Demonstration of Four-Level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) at line rates of 44, 112, and 160 Gb/s.
    • Direct detection fiber transmission experiments up to 23 km.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated 44 Gb/s PAM-4 on a packaged SNEAM with a 30 µm active area and 14 GHz bandwidth.
    • Achieved 112 Gb/s and 160 Gb/s PAM-4 on an unpackaged SNEAM with a 15 µm active area and >65 GHz bandwidth.
    • Successful fiber transmission up to 23 km at 44 Gb/s and 2 km at 112/160 Gb/s.

    Conclusions:

    • Polarization-independent SNEAMs are capable of high-capacity, multi-level modulation.
    • The demonstrated SNEAMs achieve the highest multi-level modulation rates reported for this technology.
    • These results highlight the potential of SNEAMs for future high-speed optical communication.