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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Follow-up study of the treatment of patients operated on for differentiated thyroid cancer - a 30-year single-center study.

Endokrynologia Polska·2026
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Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Dynamics in Thyroid Pathologies: A Comprehensive Analysis of Pre- and Post-Surgery Levels in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Nodular Goiter.

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[Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy].

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Treatment of parathormone-dependent hypercalcaemia in the third-trimester of pregnancy.

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Acute pancreatitis associated with primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Primary hyperparathyroidism.

Grzegorz J Kowalski1, Grzegorz Buła2, Dominika Żądło2

  • 1Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. kowalskigrzeg@gmail.com.

Endokrynologia Polska
|August 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Primary hyperparathyroidism, an endocrine disorder causing high blood calcium, requires treatment due to severe health impacts. Surgery offers the best treatment option with low recurrence and complication rates.

Keywords:
hypercalcaemiaparathormoneparathyroidectomyprimary parathyroidism

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

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Last Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism involves excessive parathyroid hormone production.
  • This leads to elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia).
  • Hypercalcemia significantly affects bone and kidney health, causing various symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To discuss the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.
  • To highlight the importance of timely intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical basis, etiology, diagnostics, and treatment.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on primary hyperparparathyroidism management.

Main Results:

  • Untreated primary hyperparathyroidism can be fatal.
  • Surgery is the most effective treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Surgical intervention has a low risk of recurrence and complications.

Conclusions:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is a serious endocrine condition requiring treatment.
  • Surgical treatment is recommended for its efficacy and safety.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for patient outcomes.