Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

361
Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
361
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.4K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.4K
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

297
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
297
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

266
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
266
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

1.6K
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within...
1.6K
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

361
Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
361

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Distinct Hippocampal Cellular Pathologies Influence Cognition Across Diagnostic Categories, Also Distinguishing Schizophrenia from Affective Psychoses.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

College students' migraine perceptions and lived experiences: A qualitative study.

Headache·2026
Same author

The Future of <i>DSM</i>: Response to Letters.

The American journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

Schizophrenia in Offspring of Holocaust Survivors: Intergenerational Effects of Preconception Parental Trauma Within the Jerusalem Perinatal Study.

The American journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

Do Symptom Domains Have Similar Cellular Underpinnings Across Psychiatric Diagnoses: Evidence from 3D Hippocampal MR Spectroscopy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Sociodemographic, Financial, and Mental Health Predictors of Frequency of Dental Visits in Middle-Aged and Young Adults in the U.S.: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey 2023.

AJPM focus·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

21.4K

Ineffective risk-reward learning in schizophrenia.

Emeka Boka1, Jill Del Pozzo2, Deborah Goetz1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Psychiatry Research
|August 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit impaired decision-making, showing less risk-taking and failing to learn from experience on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Their performance was linked to specific symptoms rather than cognitive ability.

Keywords:
BARTCognitive functioningDecision-makingImpulsivityLearningRiskSchizophreniaSymptoms

More Related Videos

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

13.0K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

21.4K
The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

13.0K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Schizophrenia is associated with impaired decision-making, potentially due to overly risky or inhibited behaviors.
  • Understanding these decision-making deficits is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare decision-making processes between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART).
  • To investigate the relationship between cognitive ability, specific symptoms, and decision-making performance in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) was administered to schizophrenia cases and healthy controls.
  • Cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III).
  • Regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of BART performance.

Main Results:

  • Schizophrenia cases showed significantly different performance on the BART and failed to improve over trials, unlike controls.
  • In healthy controls, cognitive ability (Perceptual Organization) predicted BART outcomes.
  • In schizophrenia, BART performance was not associated with cognitive ability but was explained by symptoms like delusions and emotional withdrawal.
  • Schizophrenia cases exhibited less risk-taking and earned less money overall.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate impaired learning and decision-making on the BART, with performance linked to specific psychopathological symptoms.
  • Unlike healthy individuals, cognitive ability did not predict decision-making performance in schizophrenia.
  • Findings highlight the need for interventions targeting symptom-specific decision-making deficits in schizophrenia.