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COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report
Simran Preet Kaur1, Vandana Gupta1
1Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
Abstract:
The current COVID-19 pandemic has urged the scientific community internationally to find answers in terms of therapeutics and vaccines to control SARS-CoV-2. Published investigations mostly on SARS-CoV and to some extent on MERS has taught lessons on vaccination strategies to this novel coronavirus. This is attributed to the fact that SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor as SARS-CoV on the host cell i.e. human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) and is approximately 79% similar genetically to SARS-CoV. Though the efforts on COVID-19 vaccines started very early, initially in China, as soon as the outbreak of novel coronavirus erupted and then world-over as the disease was declared a pandemic by WHO. But we will not be having an effective COVID-19 vaccine before September, 2020 as per very optimistic estimates. This is because a successful COVID-19 vaccine will require a cautious validation of efficacy and adverse reactivity as the target vaccinee population include high-risk individuals over the age of 60, particularly those with chronic co-morbid conditions, frontline healthcare workers and those involved in essentials industries. Various platforms for vaccine development are available namely: virus vectored vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, genetic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization which are under evaluations for SARS-CoV-2, with each having discrete benefits and hindrances. The COVID-19 pandemic which probably is the most devastating one in the last 100 years after Spanish flu mandates the speedy evaluation of the multiple approaches for competence to elicit protective immunity and safety to curtail unwanted immune-potentiation which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this virus. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the efforts dedicated to an effective vaccine for this novel coronavirus which has crippled the world in terms of economy, human health and life.
Insights
Developing an effective COVID-19 vaccine requires careful validation of efficacy and safety, especially for high-risk groups. Various vaccine platforms are under evaluation to control SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19.
Area of Science:
- * Virology and Immunology
- * Vaccinology
- * Epidemiology
Background:
- * The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, necessitates urgent development of vaccines and therapeutics.
- * Lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS inform SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies due to genetic similarities and shared host cell receptors (hACE2).
- * Early vaccine development efforts are underway globally, but an effective vaccine is not expected before late 2020.
Purpose of the Study:
- * To review the global efforts and strategies for developing an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
- * To provide an overview of various vaccine development platforms and their associated benefits and challenges.
- * To highlight the importance of rigorous validation for vaccine efficacy and safety, considering vulnerable populations.
Main Methods:
- * Review of published scientific literature and ongoing research on COVID-19 vaccines.
- * Analysis of different vaccine platforms including virus vectored, protein subunit, genetic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies.
- * Consideration of factors influencing vaccine development timelines and validation requirements.
Main Results:
- * Multiple vaccine platforms are being evaluated for SARS-CoV-2, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.
- * Successful vaccine development requires cautious validation of efficacy and safety, particularly for high-risk populations (elderly, healthcare workers, essential industry workers).
- * The need for rapid evaluation of vaccine approaches to elicit protective immunity and ensure safety, avoiding immune potentiation.
Conclusions:
- * The development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is a complex and lengthy process requiring international collaboration.
- * A range of vaccine technologies are being explored, and their suitability for SARS-CoV-2 needs thorough assessment.
- * Prioritizing safety and efficacy, especially in vulnerable populations, is crucial for controlling the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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