The cacao procyanidin extract-caused anti-hyperglycemic effect was changed by the administration timings

Mammals have the biological clocks with approximately 24 h-rhythm. Energy metabolism including glucose metabolism is regulated by the biological clocks. Glucose metabolism is affected by not only meal volume and its energy but also meal timing. We have reported that cacao liquor procyanidin-rich extract (CLPr) ameliorated the postprandial hyperglycemia through AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. However, the effect of administration timing of CLPr on the postprandial hyperglycemia and its signaling pathway are still unclear. In the present study, we compared the effect of CLPr-administration at the rest-phase (light-period) and active-phase (dark-period) on glucose metabolism. Single oral administration of CLPr to ICR mice at the rest-phase, but not at the active-phase, promoted phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and its upstream liver kinase B1 and translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane in the skeletal muscle, resulting in reduced postprandial hyperglycemia. These results indicated that the intake of CLPr at the rest-phase more effectively suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia.