Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 11, 2025
The Muscle Cuff Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for the Amplification of Intact Peripheral Nerve Signals
Published on: January 13, 2022
History of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation-Update for the 21st Century
Einar Ottestad1, Daniel S Orlovich2
1Stanford Acute Pain Service, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion A, Suite A18, MC 5340, Redwood City, CA 94063.
Objective:
To present a history of the development of peripheral nerve stimulation.
Methods:
Narrative literature review.
Results:
Peripheral nerve stimulation has a history stretching from Scribonius Largus and eels in Mesopotamia to Michael Farady's discovery in London, the German-English physician Julius Althaus's application of electricity to a peripheral nerve, the sensational "Electreat" in the United States, to the application by Wall and Sweet of the gate theory proposed by Melzack and Wall to specialized neurosurgeons.
Conclusions:
This is now a modern field in clinical neuroscience and medicine with improved technology, renewed interest by a diverse range of specialties, and accessibility with ultrasound.
