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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used extensively in epidemiology and research to quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome across different groups. Unlike relative risk, which compares the probabilities of an event occurring, the odds ratio compares the odds of an event occurring in the exposed group to the odds of it occurring in the unexposed group. The odds, in this context, are calculated as the probability of the event happening divided by the...
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

A Push-pull Protocol to Reduce Colonization of Bird Nest Boxes by Honey Bees
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Odds favor the bees.

Dorothy Munkenbeck Fragaszy1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Georgia.

Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)
|August 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Honeybees can learn visual oddity tasks with up to four stimuli. Introducing an irrelevant visual category improved their ability to identify the odd stimulus, suggesting bees can process complex visual information.

Area of Science:

  • Animal cognition
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Visual perception in insects

Background:

  • Honeybees (Apis mellifera) demonstrate learning capabilities with visual stimuli.
  • Previous research established their ability to learn relationships among three unique visual stimuli.
  • Extending these findings is crucial for understanding insect cognition and sensory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate honeybee performance in visual oddity discrimination tasks with three and four stimuli.
  • To determine if introducing an irrelevant visual category affects the bees' ability to identify the odd stimulus.
  • To explore whether bees perceive oddity tasks as categorical discrimination problems.

Main Methods:

  • Honeybees were presented with trial-unique sets of three or four visual stimuli in oddity tasks.

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  • Experiment 1 compared performance on triads with varying stimulus properties (patterned/solid, common color).
  • Experiment 2 compared performance on quartets with and without an irrelevant visual category (solid vs. two-color disks).

    • Main Results:

    • Bees successfully identified the odd stimulus at above-chance levels with both three and four visual stimuli.
    • Performance in triad tasks was unaffected by stimulus properties like pattern or color.
    • Introducing an irrelevant category in quartet tasks significantly improved odd stimulus identification compared to quartets with only one category.

    Conclusions:

    • Honeybees possess robust visual oddity learning capabilities extending to four-stimulus displays.
    • The presence of an irrelevant visual category enhances the discriminability of the odd stimulus.
    • Bees' performance suggests they can process and utilize categorical information, even when irrelevant, to solve visual tasks.