Sandwiched nets for efficient direction-independent fog collection

As an effective strategy to alleviate the global water shortage, the Janus membrane has been widely developed to harvest the fog droplets because of its advantages of timely drainage and directional droplet delivery. However, Janus membrane is extremely susceptible to the direction of the fog stream, which changes dynamically in nature. In this work, we develop a three-layer sandwiched fog collector consisting of a hydrophilic inner mesh and two superhydrophobic outer meshes, which always serves as a Janus collector to enable a stable and efficient fog collection independent of the direction of the mist stream. We also demonstrate the superiority of such sandwiched fog collector in terms of the droplet shedding size and onset time, as well as the directional droplet delivery. The droplet coalescence effectively facilitates the shedding of the attached droplets on the outer superhydrophobic mesh, and the directional delivery of the clogged droplets from the superhydrophobic to hydrophilic layer further dries the mesh surface for the successive interception of fog droplets. These mechanisms can work together seamlessly, which benefits the productive collection of the droplet of different sizes on the three-layer sandwiched fog collector.