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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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Author Spotlight: Characterizing Novel Enzymes from Extremophiles and Common Pathogens to Understand DNA Repair and Replication
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Structures, Mechanisms, and Functions of His-Me Finger Nucleases.

Chyuan-Chuan Wu1, Jason L J Lin1, Hanna S Yuan2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|August 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

His-Me finger nucleases are a diverse group of enzymes that cut nucleic acids. This review details their structure, function, and regulation for genome maintenance.

Keywords:
DNA cleavageDNA hydrolysisDNaseHNH family

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • His-Me finger nucleases represent a large superfamily of enzymes characterized by a conserved catalytic motif with a ββα topology.
  • Despite limited sequence homology, these nucleases share a common structural and functional basis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive structural comparison of His-Me finger nucleases.
  • To summarize their diverse substrate-binding and recognition strategies.
  • To elucidate their mechanisms of enzymatic hydrolysis, cellular roles, and regulatory pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Structural comparison of His-Me finger nuclease families.
  • Analysis of substrate-binding and recognition mechanisms.
  • Review of enzymatic hydrolysis pathways and cellular functions.
  • Investigation of activity regulation by cellular machineries.

Main Results:

  • His-Me finger nucleases function as monomers (single nicks) or homodimers (double-stranded breaks).
  • They play critical roles in DNA restriction, integration, recombination, repair, and genome degradation.
  • Cellular mechanisms have evolved to regulate nuclease activity, ensuring genome integrity.

Conclusions:

  • His-Me finger nucleases are versatile enzymes crucial for various DNA metabolic processes.
  • Their regulation is essential for maintaining cellular functionality and preventing genomic instability.
  • Understanding their structural diversity and regulatory mechanisms offers insights into genome maintenance.