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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

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Three-dimensional geometry of the normal shoulder: a software analysis.

Marc-Olivier Gauci1, Pierric Deransart2, Jean Chaoui3

  • 1Institut Universitaire Locomoteur & Sport, Hôpital Pasteur 2, UR2CA, Côte d'Azur University, CHU de Nice, Nice, France.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|August 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies the 3D geometry of the normal glenohumeral joint, revealing consistent relationships between the humeral head and glenoid. These findings establish reference values for version, inclination, and subluxation in healthy shoulders.

Keywords:
3-dimensional joint analysis3D CT scanNormal shoulderWalch classificationglenohumeral relationshipmorphometric

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The three-dimensional (3D) bone anatomy and spatial relationships of the normal glenohumeral joint (GHJ) are not well-documented.
  • Understanding normal GHJ geometry is crucial for diagnosing pathologies and guiding surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the 3D geometry of the normal glenohumeral joint (GHJ) in relation to the scapular body plane.
  • To identify spatial correlations between the orientation and direction of the humeral head and the glenoid.

Main Methods:

  • Computed tomographies (CTs) of 122 normal, non-injured GHJs were analyzed using fully automatic 3D segmentation software.
  • Measurements included version, inclination, direction, orientation, best-fit sphere radius (BFSR), humeral subluxation, and glenoid area, all referenced to the scapular body plane.
  • Pearson correlation was used to seek statistical correlations between glenoid and humeral 3D measurements.

Main Results:

  • The glenoid BFSR was consistently larger than the humerus BFSR (ratio of 1.5).
  • Mean glenoid version and inclination were -6° ± 4° and 7° ± 5°, respectively, with significant sex-based differences in inclination.
  • Humeral subluxation averaged 59% ± 7%, showing a strong linear correlation with glenoid retroversion (r = -0.70, P < .001) and significant correlations between glenoid and humeral orientation/direction (r = 0.72, P < .001).

Conclusions:

  • Established reference values for normal glenoid version (-6°), inclination (7°), and humeral posterior subluxation (59%) can be used in clinical practice.
  • Interindividual variations in 3D geometry are relative to the scapular plane.
  • A strong correlation exists between the humeral head's position and the glenoid's orientation and direction.