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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Hess's Law03:40

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Measuring the Hubble constant with a sample of kilonovae.

Michael W Coughlin1,2, Sarah Antier3, Tim Dietrich4,5

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. cough052@umn.edu.

Nature Communications
|August 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Kilonovae from neutron star mergers offer a new way to measure the Hubble constant (H0). By analyzing kilonova light curves from short gamma-ray bursts, scientists achieved a more precise H0 measurement than using gravitational waves alone.

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Area of Science:

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Cosmology

Background:

  • Compact binary coalescences involving at least one neutron star produce kilonovae.
  • Kilonovae are potential standard sirens for measuring the Hubble constant (H0).
  • Detection methods include gravitational-wave (GW) follow-up, short gamma-ray burst (sGRB) observations, and optical surveys.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the Hubble constant (H0) using kilonova light curves associated with sGRBs.
  • To compare the precision of this method with GW-only measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized light curve data from four sGRBs, assuming they originated from kilonovae.
  • Combined sGRB kilonova data with the gravitational-wave event GW170817.
  • Incorporated systematic uncertainties equal to statistical uncertainties in model analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved H0 measurements consistent with local and inverse-distance ladder results using two different kilonova models.
  • The precision of the H0 measurement was approximately 2-3 times greater than that obtained using GW170817 alone.

Conclusions:

  • Kilonovae from sGRBs provide a powerful tool for constraining the Hubble constant.
  • This method offers a more precise measurement of H0 compared to GW-only standard siren techniques.