Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

39.1K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
39.1K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

14.3K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
14.3K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

48.9K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
48.9K
Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

342
Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
342
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

24.6K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
24.6K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

514
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
514

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Experimental evolution of Rc-o319 sarbecovirus spike protein reveals limited ACE2 adaptability.

Virus evolution·2026
Same author

Sialic acids are a barrier to the entry of non-influenza orthomyxoviruses.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Phenotypic heterogeneity shapes phage resistance and cocktail efficacy in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

Coronaviruses reprogram the tRNA epitranscriptome to favor viral protein expression.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Reversible phenotypic resistance to phage infection via capsule downregulation in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>.

iScience·2025
Same author

Tradeoffs in viral fitness driven by alternative entry pathways.

mBio·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
10:11

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Published on: September 27, 2014

36.8K

Experimental Evolution Reveals a Genetic Basis for Membrane-Associated Virus Release.

Juan-Vicente Bou1, Rafael Sanjuán1

  • 1Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat de València, Paterna, València, Spain.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|August 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that viruses can evolve to control their release from cells. A specific mutation in coxsackievirus B3 significantly reduced membrane-associated viral shedding, impacting viral transmission.

Keywords:
directed evolutionenterovirusultra-deep sequencingviral transmissionvirus–membrane interactions

More Related Videos

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
09:13

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Published on: November 1, 2011

17.8K
Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
10:11

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Published on: September 27, 2014

36.8K
Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
09:13

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Published on: November 1, 2011

17.8K
Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Viral replication and release are often associated with host cell membranes.
  • The mechanisms and genetic control of this membrane-associated viral shedding are poorly understood.
  • The evolutionary capacity of viral shedding strategies remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis and evolvability of membrane-associated viral shedding.
  • To understand how viruses adapt their release mechanisms.
  • To identify specific viral components involved in controlling shedding.

Main Methods:

  • Directed evolution experiment using coxsackievirus B3.
  • Selection for free-virion and membrane-associated viral subpopulations.
  • Full-genome ultra-deep sequencing to identify mutations.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis to validate specific mutations.

Main Results:

  • Coxsackievirus B3 reproducibly acquired mutations affecting membrane-associated shedding under selection pressure.
  • A specific mutation (N63H) in the viral capsid protein VP3 dramatically reduced membrane-associated viral shedding.
  • The N63H mutation decreased the ratio of membrane-associated to free viral particles by two orders of magnitude.

Conclusions:

  • Viral shedding, including membrane association, is an evolvable trait.
  • Specific viral proteins, like VP3, play a crucial role in regulating viral release.
  • These findings provide insights into viral transmission mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.