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Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
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Constraining crustal silica on ancient Earth.

C Brenhin Keller1, T Mark Harrison2

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; cbkeller@dartmouth.edu tmark.harrison@gmail.com.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 21, 2020
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Summary

Early Earth

Keywords:
ArcheanHadeancontinental crustplate tectonics

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Area of Science:

  • Geoscience
  • Planetary Science
  • Earth Science

Background:

  • Understanding Hadean and Archean Earth's continental crust composition is crucial for early life and planetary evolution.
  • Previous models proposed either a mafic crust with limited plate tectonics or a more uniformitarian crust composition.
  • Crustal preservation biases and secular cooling effects complicate compositional analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately quantify the composition of Hadean and Archean continental crust.
  • To investigate the impact of mantle cooling and atmospheric oxidation on crustal composition estimates.
  • To reconcile conflicting models of early Earth's crustal evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of geological data, considering crustal preservation and sampling biases.
  • Modeling the effects of secular mantle cooling on element abundance inferences.
  • Assessing the influence of atmospheric oxidation on sedimentary proxies for crustal silica.

Main Results:

  • Secular mantle cooling complicates inferences of crustal silica from element abundances.
  • Biologically driven atmospheric oxidation undermines silica estimates from terrigenous sediments.
  • The data are best explained by a model of nearly constant crustal silica since the early Archean.

Conclusions:

  • Early Earth's continental crust composition has been relatively consistent since the early Archean.
  • Previous models may have underestimated crustal silica due to unconsidered environmental factors.
  • This finding has significant implications for understanding early Earth's tectonics, climate, and habitability.