Toxicity evaluation of triphenyltin in zebrafish larvae by embryonic malformation, retinal development, and GH/IGF...

The adverse influences of triphenyltin (TPT) on the aquatic system have been of great concern due to their widespread use and ubiquity in water environment, although it has been prohibited as antifouling coatings. In the present study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of TPT on zebrafish embryos by exposure to different concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 ng/l) from 2-h post-fertilization (hpf). Some parameters of developmental abnormalities (hatching, survival, body length, and malformation) were recorded, as well as the expression of several genes involved in the retinal development and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Our results showed that TPT exposure induced developmental toxicity, including growth inhibition, malformation, and the dysregulation of gene expression levels related to the retinal development and GH/IGF axis. Thus, our data indicated that environmental exposure of TPT could induce developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos, and those parameters could extend our understanding of the adverse effects of TPT on aquatic organisms.