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Updated: Dec 11, 2025
Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction
Published on: December 5, 2025
Microsurgical reconstruction of extensive lower extremity defects with the conjoined parascapular and latissimus
Amir K Bigdeli1, Benjamin Thomas1, Florian Falkner1
1Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Background:
Extensive lower extremity soft-tissue defects pose a reconstructive challenge. We present our experience with the conjoined parascapular and latissimus dorsi (CPLD) free flap.
Methods:
From October 2008 to October 2017, 69 patients (14 female, 55 male) with a mean age of 50 years (range: 16-79 years) underwent reconstruction of lower extremity defects with the CPLD free flap. Mean defect size was 24 × 36 cm (range: 14 × 20 to 45 × 80 cm).
Results:
Mean latissimus dorsi (LD) flap size was 19 × 28 cm (range: 14 × 20 to 28 × 42 cm) and mean parascapular (PSC) flap size was 8 × 25 cm (range: 5 × 12 to 11 × 33 cm). Six patients (9%) experienced a total of eight microvascular complications: arterial thrombosis (n = 1), venous thrombosis (n = 6), combined arterial and venous thrombosis (n = 1). The re-exploration rate was 13%. Major complications of the donor-site were seen in 9 patients (13%), of the flap in 13 patients (19%), and of both in 6 patients (9%). Fifteen patients experienced partial flap necrosis (22%). Three CPLD and one PSC flap were lost (5%). PSC flap length was a significant predictor of distal flap necrosis (χ2 (1) = 13.2, p = .004, OR = 1.343, 95% CI [1.098-1.642]). PSC flap width was a significant predictor of donor-site revisions (χ2 (1) = 15.9, p = .010, OR = 4.745, 95% CI [1.584-14.213]). Arterio-venous loops (AVLs) tended to increase the risk of microvascular thrombosis (χ2 (1) = 3.7, p = .08, OR = 4.1, 95% CI [0.9-18.7]).
Conclusions:
The CPLD free flap is an extremely large and highly reliable flap, allowing one-stage reconstruction of extensive lower extremity defects. It may overcome the need for multiple flaps in selected cases.
