Roentgenographic assessment of causes of cardiac pacemaker failure and complications

Implantation of a permanent pacemaker to stimulate the heart is a well established procedure of great benefit. However, a malfunctioning pacemaker is a hazard to well-bing and to life. Once a pacemaker has been installed the physician's attention is directed not only to the patient's illness but also the unique complications of cardiac pacemakers. Roentgenograms are a valuable resource in the assessment of patients with pacemakers. It is essential that the radiologist thorougly understand the extent to which radiologic studies can depict the functioning of the complications associated with pacemakers. The roentgenographic assessment of the causes of pacemaker failure and the complications associated with permanent pacemakers are reviewed and the role of the roentgenogram is defined.