The plant Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville as a neutralizing source against some toxic activities of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom

Snakebites produce several toxic effects in victims, such as hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, hemostatic, renal, or cardiotoxic alterations, inflammation, and death. To counteract these symptoms, antivenom is the official treatment. Although such therapy prevents death, it does not efficiently neutralize necrosis or other local effects, leading to amputation or morbidities of the affected limb. Therefore, the search for better and more efficient therapies deserves attention; further, plants have been used to ameliorate a number of diseases and medical conditions, including snakebites, for many years. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the antivenom effect of the crude extract, fractions (aqueous and diethyl acetate), and subfractions derived from the aqueous fraction (P1, P2, P3, and P4) of the plant Stryphnodendron adstringens against in vitro (coagulation and proteolytic) and in vivo (edema, hemorrhage, and myotoxic) activities caused by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Overall, all extracts inhibited the toxic effect of B. jararacussu venom, but with different potencies, regardless of whether plant samples were incubated together with venom or injected before or after venom injection into animals; the crude extract and aqueous fraction were found to be the most effective. Indeed, phytochemical and mass spectrometry analysis of S. adstringens samples revealed the presence of flavonols, tannins, and saponins. In conclusion, the plant S. adstringens may represent a promising natural source of molecules to treat the toxic effects associated with envenomation by B. jararacussu snakebites.