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Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges.

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Carrageenans (CGs), derived from red algae, show broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. This review re-evaluates CGs for viral infections, assessing their preclinical and clinical data for future development.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biotechnology
  • Natural product chemistry
  • Antimicrobial drug discovery

Background:

  • Red algae yield diverse carbohydrates, notably sulfated polysaccharides with antimicrobial properties.
  • Carrageenans (CGs) demonstrated significant antiviral potency and safety in preclinical studies, positioning them as potential microbicides.
  • Clinical trials failed to validate CGs' anticipated benefits, necessitating a re-evaluation of their development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review preclinical and clinical data of carrageenan-based microbicides.
  • To assess the potential for a second pharmacologic development attempt of CGs as preventive microbicides.
  • To identify future research directions for successful CG-based antimicrobial prophylactic development.

Main Methods:

  • Summarized in vitro toxicities and in vivo safety profiles of CGs.
  • Compiled in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities against a range of viruses.
  • Described antiviral mechanisms of action and the development of antiviral resistance.

Main Results:

  • CGs exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activities against viruses including HIV, herpesviruses, and respiratory viruses.
  • Preclinical data indicate favorable safety profiles, but clinical efficacy remains unproven.
  • Understanding of CGs' antiviral modes of action and resistance development is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Carrageenans possess promising antiviral properties, but clinical translation challenges persist.
  • A thorough re-evaluation of CG development is essential for future research.
  • Further investigation into CGs' strengths and weaknesses can guide the development of effective antimicrobial prophylactics.