Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 11, 2025

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
Published on: May 27, 2022
Evaluation of indicators supporting reproducibility and transparency within cardiology literature
J Michael Anderson1, Bryan Wright2, Shelby Rauh2
1Center for Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA jande31@okstate.edu.
Insights
Cardiology research lacks transparency, hindering reproducibility. Most studies fail to share data, analysis scripts, or protocols, making it difficult to verify findings and advance scientific understanding.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Research
- Medical Informatics
- Scientific Publishing
Background:
- Biomedical research reproducibility is a growing concern.
- The extent of reproducible research in cardiology is not well-defined.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the quality of cardiology research by assessing reproducibility and transparency indicators.
- To identify specific areas for improvement in scientific reporting within cardiology.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study design analyzing cardiology journal publications from 2014-2019.
- Searched National Library of Medicine catalogue and full-text PDFs.
- Assessed 232 publications for eight indicators of reproducibility and transparency using a Google Form.
Main Results:
- Nearly all publications (96.6%) lacked access to complete, unmodified datasets.
- A vast majority (98.7%) did not provide analysis scripts.
- Most studies (98.3%) failed to provide access to complete study protocols.
Conclusions:
- Current cardiology publications present significant challenges for study outcome reproducibility.
- There is a critical need for enhanced reproducibility and transparency in cardiology research.
- Improved sharing of materials, raw data, and methodological details is essential to advance reproducible cardiology research.
Objectives:
It has been suggested that biomedical research is facing a reproducibility issue, yet the extent of reproducible research within the cardiology literature remains unclear. Thus, our main objective was to assess the quality of research published in cardiology journals by assessing for the presence of eight indicators of reproducibility and transparency.
Methods:
Using a cross-sectional study design, we conducted an advanced search of the National Library of Medicine catalogue for publications in cardiology journals. We included publications published between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019. After the initial list of eligible cardiology publications was generated, we searched for full-text PDF versions using Open Access, Google Scholar and PubMed. Using a pilot-tested Google Form, a random sample of 532 publications were assessed for the presence of eight indicators of reproducibility and transparency.
Results:
A total of 232 eligible publications were included in our final analysis. The majority of publications (224/232, 96.6%) did not provide access to complete and unmodified data sets, all 229/232 (98.7%) failed to provide step-by-step analysis scripts and 228/232 (98.3%) did not provide access to complete study protocols.
Conclusions:
The presentation of studies published in cardiology journals would make reproducing study outcomes challenging, at best. Solutions to increase the reproducibility and transparency of publications in cardiology journals is needed. Moving forward, addressing inadequate sharing of materials, raw data and key methodological details might help to better the landscape of reproducible research within the field.
Related Concept Videos
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
Errors occurring during blood pressure monitoring
Several factors...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...

