Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation

616
Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:
616
Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

114
Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
114
Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

122
Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
122
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.7K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.7K
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

572
Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
572
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

266
The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
266

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pityriasis Lichenoides: Comparison of Two Pediatric Patients and Its Relationships With Vaccines and Infections.

Clinical case reports·2026
Same author

RESPIRIAMO - Italian hospital surveillance for lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter retrospective cohort study of respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in children under 2 years of age.

BMC pediatrics·2026
Same author

Self-Limited Focal Epilepsies in Childhood: How Many and How to Treat.

Pediatric reports·2026
Same author

Iatrogenic esophageal perforation in extremely preterm newborn with multiple comorbidities: case report and ethical considerations.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026
Same author

Bilateral acute mastoiditis during Epstein-Barr virus infection in a child with alagille syndrome: a case report and scoping review.

Italian journal of pediatrics·2026
Same author

Biological Effects of Widely Consumed Psychoactive Substances in Adolescents: The Role of the Pediatrician in Prevention and Intervention.

The Journal of pediatrics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
05:12

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome

Published on: September 19, 2019

6.8K

West syndrome: a comprehensive review.

Piero Pavone1, Agata Polizzi2, Simona Domenica Marino3

  • 1Unit of Clinical Pediatrics, AOU "Policlinico", PO "G. Rodolico", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|August 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

West syndrome, also known as infantile spasms (IS) or epileptic spasms (ES), is a rare neurological disorder. Recent advances have expanded understanding of its diverse clinical features, genetic causes, and treatment options, offering new hope for affected children.

Keywords:
Epileptic spasmsEtiologyGeneticsInfantile spasmsInfantile spasms syndromeWest syndrome

More Related Videos

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
06:57

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Published on: September 13, 2020

3.7K
Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

739

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
05:12

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome

Published on: September 19, 2019

6.8K
Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
06:57

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Published on: September 13, 2020

3.7K
Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

739

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • West syndrome, historically defined by infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and developmental regression, is an uncommon neurological disorder.
  • Recent research has expanded the understanding of West syndrome beyond its classical presentation, encompassing atypical electroclinical phenotypes and varied onset ages.
  • The condition is now recognized as a spectrum of disorders (infantile spasm syndromes) influenced by genetic predisposition and various causal factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in West syndrome, covering clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features, genetic underpinnings, pathogenesis, and treatment.
  • To highlight the evolving terminology, including infantile spasms (IS) versus epileptic spasms (ES).
  • To synthesize current knowledge on the spectrum of infantile spasm syndromes and their associated factors.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of scientific literature was conducted.
  • Searches were performed across seven electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central, Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, and OMIM.
  • Keywords included West syndrome, infantile spasms, infantile spasms syndrome, and related clinical, EEG, therapeutic, outcome, and associated condition terms.

Main Results:

  • West syndrome encompasses a broader range of clinical and EEG presentations than previously recognized, including subtle spasms and modified hypsarrhythmia.
  • A growing number of genes, proteins, and signaling pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of infantile spasms.
  • Current treatment strategies involve hormonal therapy, ketogenic diets, and pharmacological agents, with ongoing research into targeted and gene therapies.

Conclusions:

  • West syndrome is a complex spectrum of disorders with diverse etiologies and presentations.
  • Advances in understanding pathogenesis and genetics are paving the way for more targeted therapeutic approaches.
  • Continued research is crucial for improving outcomes and prognosis for individuals with infantile spasms.