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Related Concept Videos

Field Effect Transistor01:29

Field Effect Transistor

925
Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...
925

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Related Experiment Video

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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Electronic biosensors based on graphene FETs.

Patrik Aspermair1, Vladyslav Mishyn2, Sabine Szunerits2

  • 1CEST Competence Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Tulln, Austria; University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, France; AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria.

Methods in Enzymology
|August 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are developing biomimetic electronic smell sensors using graphene field-effect transistors (gFETs) with odorant-binding proteins. These sensors offer sensitive, real-time detection of odor molecules for advanced olfactory technology.

Keywords:
BiosensingElectronic smell sensingKinetic analysisLangmuir adsorption modelOBP: odorant-binding proteinSurface functionalizationTitration analysisgFET: graphene field-effect transistors

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic sensor technology
  • Nanomaterials for biosensing
  • Olfactory receptor mechanisms

Background:

  • The human sense of smell, involving rapid odorant molecule capture and neural signal transmission, remains challenging to replicate with current sensor technology.
  • Biomimetic electronic smell sensors aim to convert biological binding events into electrical signals in real-time and without labels.
  • Field-effect transistors (FETs), particularly graphene FETs (gFETs), are promising platforms due to their sensitivity and biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the state-of-the-art in preparing, functionalizing, and operating graphene field-effect transistors (gFETs) for odorant sensing.
  • To highlight the potential of gFETs functionalized with odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) for biomimetic smell sensing.
  • To discuss the derivation of binding kinetics from electrical read-outs of these sensor systems.

Main Methods:

  • Immobilization of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) onto graphene field-effect transistor (gFET) surfaces.
  • Utilizing the charge redistribution modulated by ligand-protein binding to alter the gFET channel current.
  • Employing various gFET preparation and functionalization techniques to optimize odorant sensing performance.

Main Results:

  • Graphene's atomic monolayer structure enhances sensor sensitivity for detecting odor molecules.
  • OBP-functionalized gFETs enable label-free, real-time conversion of binding events into electrical signals.
  • Electrical read-out allows for the evaluation of kinetic binding parameters, including association/dissociation rates and affinity constants.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene field-effect transistors (gFETs) functionalized with OBPs represent a viable approach for creating sensitive, biomimetic electronic smell sensors.
  • These sensors offer a pathway to understanding olfactory recognition and developing advanced artificial olfaction systems.
  • The direct electrical readout capability facilitates detailed kinetic analysis of protein-ligand interactions.