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Updated: Jun 20, 2026
Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs
Published on: May 21, 2019
Global longitudinal strain changes during hemorrhagic shock: An experimental study
Laurent Zieleskiewicz1, Pierre-Géraud Claret2,3, Laurent Muller2,3
1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, North Hospital, APHM, Aix Marseille Univ., INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.
Objectives:
Global longitudinal strain (GLS) appears sensitive and reproducible to identify left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The main objective was to analyze the GLS changes in an anesthetized-piglet model of controlled hemorrhagic shock (HS). The secondary objective was to evaluate if GLS changes was different depending on the expansion fluid treatment with or without norepinephrine.
Methods:
Eighteen anesthetized and ventilated piglets were bled until the mean arterial pressure reached 40 mmHg. Controlled hemorrhage was maintained for 30 min before randomizing the piglets to three resuscitation groups: control group, LR group (resuscitated with lactated ringer), and NA group (resuscitated with lactated ringer and norepinephrine).
Results:
There was no difference in the baseline hemodynamic, biological, and ultrasound data among the three groups. During the hemorrhagic phase, the GLS increased significantly from 25 mL/kg of depletion. During the resuscitation phase, the GLS decreased significantly from 20 mL/kg of fluid administration. There was no difference in GLS variation among the groups during the hemorrhagic, maintenance, and resuscitation phases.
Conclusion:
In our HS model, GLS increased with hemorrhage and decreased during resuscitation, showing its preload dependence.
