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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

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Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
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Does Stringency of Lockdown Affect Air Quality? Evidence from Indian Cities.

Surender Kumar1, Shunsuke Managi2

  • 1Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India.

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|August 25, 2020
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Summary

India's COVID-19 lockdown improved air quality, with PM2.5 levels decreasing 6-25% in many cities. However, improvements varied, and partial relaxations hindered economic recovery, underscoring the need for green practices.

Keywords:
Air pollutionCOVID-19CityIndiaLockdown

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Economics

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated public health interventions, including lockdowns, creating a conflict between human health and economic activity.
  • India implemented a stringent nationwide lockdown to curb the spread of COVID-19, followed by phased relaxations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the impact of COVID-19 containment measures on air quality in Indian cities.
  • To assess the social benefits of lockdowns in terms of improved air quality.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of lockdown relaxations on economic and social activities.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of air quality data across various Indian cities during the lockdown period.
  • Quantification of air quality improvements using city-specific slope coefficients.
  • Assessment of particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration changes.

Main Results:

  • Lockdown measures led to significant improvements in air quality, with PM2.5 concentrations decreasing by 6-25% in numerous cities.
  • Air quality improvements were not uniform across all cities or pollutants.
  • Partial relaxation of lockdown measures did not effectively restore economic and social activities.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 containment strategies positively impacted urban air quality in India, though with spatial heterogeneity.
  • The study highlights that lockdown relaxations were insufficient for economic recovery.
  • Achieving WHO air quality standards requires a greater emphasis on sustainable production and consumption patterns beyond emergency measures.