DNA barcode markers applied to seafood authentication: an updated review

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Food Science
• Genetics

Background:

• Global seafood trade expansion increases risks of species mislabeling and fraud.
• Ensuring seafood authenticity and safety is critical for consumer protection and regulatory compliance.
• DNA barcoding offers a robust molecular tool for accurate species identification in seafood.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current applications of DNA barcoding for seafood species authentication.
• To describe key DNA barcode regions, reference databases, and methodologies.
• To summarize advancements and alternative approaches in seafood authentication.

Main Methods:

• DNA barcoding using mitochondrial genes, primarily Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI).
• Sanger sequencing as the traditional method for DNA barcoding.
• Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and real-time PCR with species-specific primers as advanced techniques.

Main Results:

• COI gene is the most common marker for animal species identification in seafood.
• Sanger sequencing-based DNA barcoding is widely adopted for seafood authentication.
• NGS and real-time PCR offer high-throughput, cost-effective alternatives for processed seafood.

Conclusions:

• DNA barcoding is a vital tool for verifying seafood authenticity and combating mislabeling.
• Established methods like PCR-RFLP remain relevant, while newer techniques enhance efficiency and scalability.
• Continued development in DNA barcoding methodologies is essential for safeguarding the seafood supply chain.