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Cellular Differentiation00:57

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

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Circular RNAs in cell differentiation and development.

Gaia Di Timoteo1, Francesca Rossi1, Irene Bozzoni2,3

  • 1Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|August 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable, cell-specific transcripts with diverse functions. This review explores their role in eukaryotic gene regulation, cell differentiation, and development.

Keywords:
Developmental biologyDifferentiationNoncoding RNAsStem cellscircRNAs

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Last Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of eukaryotic transcripts with a unique covalently closed circular structure.
  • Their stability, tissue-specific expression, and conservation across eukaryotes highlight their biological significance.
  • circRNAs represent a new layer of gene expression regulation, adding complexity to genome understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on circular RNAs (circRNAs).
  • To discuss the potential functions of circRNAs in cell differentiation and development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on circRNAs.
  • Synthesis of information on circRNA structure, expression, conservation, and function.

Main Results:

  • circRNAs possess unique structural and expression characteristics.
  • They are involved in various molecular functions and subcellular localization.
  • circRNAs contribute to gene expression regulation.

Conclusions:

  • circRNAs are integral to eukaryotic gene expression and genome complexity.
  • Further research into circRNAs is crucial for understanding cell differentiation and development.