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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
3.0K
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Related Experiment Video

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Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials
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A "Polymer Template" Strategy for Carbonized Polymer Dots with Controllable Properties.

Zhiming Huo1, Ling Xia1, Gongke Li1

  • 1School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A new polymer template strategy enables precise control over carbonized polymer dots (PDs). This method allows customization of PDs functional groups, size, and fluorescence for advanced applications.

Keywords:
carbonized polymer dotsfunctional surface groupsparticle sizepolymer templatesprecursor expansion

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Controlling properties of carbonized polymer dots (PDs) is challenging due to limited understanding of their formation.
  • Existing methods offer insufficient control over PDs' surface chemistry, size, and optical characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel "polymer template" strategy for synthesizing polymer dots (PDs) with tunable properties.
  • To elucidate the detailed mechanism behind PDs formation using this template approach.
  • To enable customization of PDs for applications in sensing, catalysis, and imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel di-active site polymers (DASPs) from alkenyl azides via [3+2] cycloaddition and guanidino hydrolysis.
  • Transformation of DASPs into PDs using nucleophilic agents via nucleophilic addition and substitution at 70°C.
  • Tailoring PDs properties by regulating alkenyl azides, nucleophilic agents, and reaction conditions.

Main Results:

  • The polymer template strategy allows for mass production and stable storage of DASPs.
  • PDs with controlled core, functional surface groups (FSG), and particle size were successfully synthesized.
  • Achieved tunable fluorescence properties, including quantum yields from 8.2-55.6% and emission maxima from 380-500 nm.

Conclusions:

  • The developed "polymer template" strategy provides unprecedented control over PDs properties.
  • This approach enhances understanding of PDs formation mechanisms.
  • The customizable PDs offer a promising foundation for developing advanced sensor platforms and other applications.