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Related Concept Videos

Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
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Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs
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[Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy].

A N Belova1, V S Solovieva2, M V Rasteryaeva1

  • 1Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
|August 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy (MILL) is a rare complication of levamisole use. Early diagnosis is crucial for favorable prognosis, though it can be mistaken for multiple sclerosis.

Keywords:
differentiationleukoencephalopathylevamisolemultiple sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Toxicology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Levamisole (L) is an anthelmintic used in helminthiasis treatment and found in contaminated cocaine.
  • Levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy (MILL) is a severe neurological complication of L exposure.
  • MILL shares clinical and radiological features with multiple sclerosis (MS), complicating diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the clinical and radiological characteristics of MILL.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges of MILL, particularly its resemblance to MS.
  • To present a case study of MILL misdiagnosed as MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations of MILL.
  • Analysis of radiological findings in MILL patients.
  • Case report detailing a patient with MILL misdiagnosed as MS.

Main Results:

  • MILL presents with features mimicking MS, leading to potential misdiagnosis.
  • Early identification and treatment of MILL are associated with a favorable prognosis.
  • Diagnostic difficulties arise from the overlapping symptoms and imaging findings between MILL and MS.

Conclusions:

  • MILL is a rare but serious complication of levamisole exposure.
  • Distinguishing MILL from MS is critical for appropriate management and patient outcomes.
  • Increased awareness of MILL's features is necessary for timely diagnosis and effective treatment.