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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
Published on: February 28, 2013
Global patterns of comprehensive cardiovascular risk factor control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:
Krishna K Patel1,2, Marilia B Gomes3, Bernard Charbonnel4
1Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
Aim:
To investigate global patterns of cardiovascular risk factor control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
Methods:
DISCOVER is an international, observational cohort study of patients with T2D beginning second-line glucose-lowering therapy. Risk factor management was examined among eligible patients (ie, those with the risk factor) at study baseline. Inter-country variability was estimated using median odds ratios (MORs).
Results:
Among 14 343 patients with T2D from 34 countries, the mean age was 57.4 ± 12.0 years and the median (interquartile range) duration of T2D was 4.2 (2.0-8.0) years; 11.8% had documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Among eligible patients, blood pressure was controlled in 67.5% (9284/13756), statins were prescribed in 43.7% (5775/13208), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were prescribed in 55.6% (5292/9512), aspirin was prescribed in 53.3% of those with established ASCVD (876/1645), and 84.4% (12 102/14343) were non-smoking. Only 21.5% of patients (3088/14343) had optimal risk factor management (defined as control of all eligible measures), with wide inter-country variability (10%-44%), even after adjusting for patient and site differences (MOR 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.24-1.66).
Conclusion:
Globally, comprehensive control of ASCVD risk factors is not being achieved in most patients, with wide variability among countries unaccounted for by patient and site differences. Better country-specific strategies are needed to implement comprehensive cardiovascular risk factor control consistently in patients with T2D to improve long-term outcomes.
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